In networking, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the internal workings of networked systems. It is a way of thinking about networking problems and solutions. The OSI model was created in the 1970s by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to guide the development of network protocols.

The OSI model has seven layers, each of which corresponds to a particular function of networking:

1. The physical layer deals with the transmission of raw bits over a physical medium.

2. The data link layer manages the transmission of data between adjacent network devices.…